Across
- part of the Fertile Crescent that was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (2:14) (3:15)
- king responsible for having introduced the principle of talion (eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) to Mesopotamian culture (2:18) (3:19-20)
- compares two unlike things by the use of words such as "like" or "as" (example: hair like a lion's mane) (2:20) (3:21)
- name given by God to Jacob, namesake of a land that would have Saul as its first king ca. 1000 BCE (2:25) (3:26)
- beast known as "Eater of the Dead" comprised of hippopotamus, crocodile, lion/large cat whose job it was to eat the deceased person's heart if it did not balance with the ostrich feather of truth and justice in the ancient Egyptian ritual of "last judgment" (2:35) (3:36)
- ancient Egyptian god who ruled the underworld and was god of the dead (2:29) (3:30)
- legendary Sumerian king who was the protagonist of the oldest story ever recorded and first epic poem; he ruled Uruk as its 4th king ca. 2700-2500 BCE (2:19) (3:21)
- In ancient Egyptian religion, the child of Isis and Osiris who ultimately avenged his father's death and assumed the throne as pharaoh; pharaoh was believed to be the personification of this god (2:29) (3:30)
- refers to a state ruled by a god or by the god’s representative (2:28) (3:29)
- subjects illustrated in the two main panels of the rectangular box known as the Standard of Ur, which provides documentary evidence of Sumerian life and possibly the oldest historical narrative. (2:17) (3:17-18)
- artistic representation that conveys a sense of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface (2 & 3:3)
- best-known type of megalithic structure that includes Stonehenge (2:7) (3:8)
- army led by Nebuchadnezzar that destroyed Jerusalem and its temple and sent many Hebrews into exile (2:23) (3:24)
- residents of Mesopotamia who became the only monotheistic group in the region (2:23) (3:24)
- this 4 inch figurine dates back roughly 20,000 years, was originally painted in red ochre, and was found in Austria
(2 & 3:4)
- means that a religion includes many gods and goddesses often associated with natural forces and realms (2:29) (3:30)
- son of King David; built the magnificent temple in Jerusalem (2:25) (3:26)
- Zuni Pueblo people consider deified spirits who manifest themselves in performance and dance (2:11) (3:12)
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Down
- ancient Egyptian leader who ruled ca. 3,000 B.C.E. and is credited with unifying both Upper and Lower Egypt (2 & 3:32)
- a story accepted as true by the culture it belongs to; often stories that explain mysteries, natural phenomena and/or embody cultural beliefs, values, and behaviors (2:9) (3:10)
- nation where the Willendorf Venus discovered (2 & 3:4)
- word or phrase used in place of another to designate a similarity between the two (example: her eyes were fiery sapphires) (p. 21)
- In ancient Egyptian religion, this aspect of the self was comparable to an enduring “soul” or “life force" and which was created at the same time as the physical body (2:30) (3:31)
- cave containing a painting depicting a human figure wearing a birds-head mask (2 & 3:3)
- where prehistoric art was found in Chauvet, France; Lascaux, France; and Altamira, Spain. This art was first believed to be associated with the hunt but because 60% of the animals depicted were rarely or never hunted, the art is now believed to be associated with beliefs in the afterlife or calendars of migration patterns. (2:1) (3:2)
- refers to the pictorial convention in which the most important figures are represented in a larger size than the others (2:17) (3:18)
- pyramid-shaped temple structure that has outside staircases leading to a shrine at the top; staircases are also used for "reverential climbing"; the best preserved of these Sumerian temple structures is at Ur in Iraq (2:13) (3:14)
- recognized as the original human author of the Hebrew Torah (p. 25)
- changed his name from Tutankhaten, returned the Egyptian capital to Thebes, and reinstituted polytheism and worship of Amun as the chief sun god. (2:34) (3:35)
- Osiris's wife and sister, goddess of fertility who composed "The Book of the Dead" to resurrect her murdered husband (2:29) (3:30)
- person believed to be able to communicate with the spirit world (2:9) (3:10)
- emcompasses the values and behaviours shared by a group of people, developed over time, and passed down from one generation to the next; manifests in laws, customs, ritual behavior, and artistic production common to the group.
(2 & 3:2)
- words or phrases that are used to characterize a person (example: Enkidu, protector of herdsmen or Enkidu, the son of the mountain) (2:20) (3:21)
- hunter-gatherers who evolved about 100,000-120,000 years ago and can be distinguished from earlier homininds by the lighter build of their skeletal structure and larger brain; used cleavers, chisels, grinders, hand axes, and projectiles that used flint spearheads (2 & 3:4)
- men who serve as a deity's messenger; in Hebrew, this word indicates someone who has visions and serves as a mouthpiece for Yahweh's message and purposes; also men who confronted anyone guilty of wrongful actions or had strayed from monotheism (2:25) (3:26)
- changed his name from Amenhotep IV, moved the capital of Egypt from Thebes to what is now Tell el-Amarna, established a new style of art known as Amarna style, and abolished the pantheon of Egyptian gods to establish monotheism devoted to Aten (2:31) (3:34)
- body part of the Willendorf Venus figurine that was not carved but was a natural indentation in the stone (2 & 3:4)
- long narrative poem, usually using stilted language and about people of high position who are legendary or heroic (2:19) (3:21)
- a partly underground ceremonial enclosure with a hole in the floor symbolizing the emergence of people from the underworld (2:10) (3:11)
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