Chapter 4: "In the Name of G-d!"

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Across

  1. Jewish sect (whose name means deviant or separatist) that was a scribal group associated with the masses who were in opposition to the temple cul; they believed in resurrection of the dead; considered the Jerusalem Temple & its priests corrupt; believed in strict adherence to Jewish law (2:119) (3:121)
  2. Practice of destroying religious images because of the dictate in Exodus forbidding the worship of graven images (2:130) (3:133)
  3. Where Constantine convened the first ecumenical (worldwide) council of Church leaders in 325 CE in order to unify the Church behind a prescribed doctrine and creating an orthodox faith (2:123) (3:126)
  4. Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and the City of God; prolific writer & thinker, renowned teacher; believed humankind is capable of understanding true ideas only when they are illuminated by the soul of God (2:141) (3:129-30)
  5. reconciliation of different rites and practices into one single philosophy or religion (2:125) (3:128-9)
  6. In 135 CE, after one of many Jewish revolts, this Roman emperor rebuilt Jerusalem as a Roman city, which Jews were forbidden to enter. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed or sold into slavery, their land and property was confiscated, and the survivors fled (2:120) (3:122)
  7. Buddha's revelation and 1st teaching after receiving enlightenment beneath a fig tree where he'd meditated 6 years: life is suffering, suffering's cause is ignorance, ignorance can be overcome & conquered by following the 8-fold path (2:111) (3:114)
  8. Indian emperor (273-232 BCE) who spread the teachings of Buddha and pursued an official policy of nonviolence, prohibited the unnecessary slaughter or mutilation of animals, built hospitals for both people and animals, and banned sport hunting (2:111) (3:115)
  9. Jewish holy book that is the equivalent of the first 5 books of the Old Testament, which are the five books of Moses (2:119) (3:121)
  10. Refers to a sacred invocation found in many Muslim texts and is translated as "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, Ever-Merciful" (2:132) (3:130 &135)
  11. Archangel who delivered the recitations from God to Muhammad that later formed the scriptures of Islam; commanded Muhammad to declare himself "Seal of the Prophets" and final prophet in the series of prophets from Abraham and Moses to Jesus (2:132) (3:135)
  12. The first of the five pillars of faith in Islam; efers to the Islamic creed, "There is not God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" (2:132) (3:135)
  13. small, organized group that separates itself from the larger religious movement because it asserts that it alone understands God's will and therefore it alone embodies the ideals of the religion; as a result, it usually creates strongly enforced social boundaries between its members and all others; many times, members view themselves as good and all others as evil (2:119) (3:121)
  14. Refers to the Muslim's obligation to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca in the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar (2:136) (3:135)
  15. One of the five pillars of faith in Islam; fasting for a month, which means that there is a ritual obligation for all healthy Muslims to abstain from food, drink, medicine, tobacco, and sexual intercourse from sunrise to sundown each day (2:132) (3:135)
  16. the rites prescribed for public worship (2:123) (3:126)
  17. A type of burial mound which were erected by the emperor Ashoka and which served as reliquaries for the Buddha's remains (2:112) (3:115)
  18. Apostle who had once persecuted Jews in Judea before converting to Christianity in 35 CE; his letters are the earliest writings of the new Christian faith in which he argues the nature of religious truth and interprets the life of Christ (literally means Anointed One), which was his preferred name for Jesus; his writings emphasized sexual chastity, which inspired the Church's insistence on celibacy for clergy (2:120-121) (3:123-124)
  19. Refers to Muhammad's series of successors who assumed political and religious authority following the death of the Prophet (2:137) (3:139)
  20. right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration (2:111) (3:114)

Down

  1. Refers to teaching colleges that were attached to mosques (2:137) (3:140)
  2. Old Testament book from which Emperor Leo III drew support for his assertion that God had prohibited religious images in the Ten Commandments (2:130) (3:133)
  3. Refers to a place or state free from worry, desire, pain, and the external world ((2:112) (3:113)
  4. Islam's holy book that Muslims believe is the direct word of God; poetic verses; translations are problematic because they alter the direct word expressed in the original Arabic (2:132) (3:135)
  5. Arabic word for "surrender" or "submission" (2:132) (3:135)
  6. Greek word for fish; also Christian symbol that is an acronym of the Greek letters that stand for Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior (2:122) (3:124)
  7. secret mystery cult originating in Persia, perhaps as far back as Neolithic times, that was popular with Roman soldiers in Palestine at the time of Christ; had 7 stages of initiation, one of which was baptism; Zoroastrian sources suggest that this "God of Light" was sent to earth by a divine bull and that all life sprang from the bull's blood when this god sacrificed his father, the bull. His birthday was celebrated on December 25 each year (3:129)
  8. Hebrew Bible and the Greek books of the New Testament were translated Latin to form this (2:123) (3:126)
  9. Buddhist diagram of the cosmos; used for meditation (2:112) (3:115)
  10. The Romans changed the name of the province of Judea to this, which literally means "land of the Philistines," the ancient enemies of the Jews (2:120) (3:122)
  11. prescribed church doctrine (2:123) (3:126)
  12. Jewish philosophical sect that included a group of Jews who lived at Qumran and are associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls; they abandoned their coreligionists to seek salvation on their own and never engaged in the Jewish political struggle and withdrew completely from Jewish society (2:119) (3:121)
  13. citadel fortress high above the Dead Sea where the last Jewish rebels held out against the Romans but ultimately committed mass suicide rather than submit to the Romans (2:120) (3:121)
  14. In Buddhism, a person who is very near total enlightenment and, before crossing over to nirvana, vows to help others strive toward nirvana (2:126) (3:114)
  15. Religious group with secret initiation rites; popular among Romans and contributed to many Christian rituals and holidays as well (2:126) (3:129)
  16. Collection of Muhammad's sayings and writings about his life that was handed down orally and not written down until about 100 years after his death; all of these "narratives" and "records" combine to provide an important source of Islamic tradition (2:133) (3:138)
  17. In a traditional mosque, the feature that commemorates the spot at Medina where Muhammad planted his lance to indicate the direction in which people should pray (2:136) (3:139)
  18. Arabic word for God (2:132) (3:135)
  19. Annointed one or savior who was expected to usher in the postapocalyptic world after the coming of God on the day of judgment (2:120) (3:121)
  20. literally means "cube" in Arabic; shrine containing a sacred Black Stone that fell from heaven; located in Mecca, it is the center point to which all Muslims face to pray (2:136) (3:138)
  21. Where Umayyads established the School of Translation responsible for spreading translations of classical Greek literature and philosophy throughout the West (2:139) (3:142)
  22. Impassioned religious struggle thought to be a religious duty by Muslims; the lesser of these struggles is holy war whereas the greater of these struggles is self-control over the lowly human appetites (2:133) (3:138)


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