Across
- method of argument that juxtaposes different points of view and seeks to reconcile them; method used by Abelard; this systematic style of teaching originates in the Socratic method but unlike Socrates' method of reasoning administered by the wise teacher who questions and is questioned by pupils, this method presumed no such hierarchical relationship (2:182) (3:185)
- painter who was later said by the 16th century historian Vasari to have set "art upon the path that may be called the true one, learned to draw accurately from life and thus put an end to the crude Greek [i.e., Byzantine] manner (2:197-8) (3:194-5)
- association or gorup of people with similar, often occupation-based interests, which exercised power over their members; controlled the governments of both Siena and Florence in the late twelfth century (2:192) (3:191)
- generally dated at 1337-1429, this conflict went back to 1216 when the English Normans finally lost control of their possessions on the continent of Europe; in early 14th century, the French throne was increasingly contested, and the English king porclaimed himelf rightful heir to the throne; fought entirely on French English outnumbered by as much as 3:1, they were victorious becuas of the invention of the longbow, which could pierce the chain-mail of armor and introduction of gunpowder and cannons , which were devastating to the enemy (3:205) (since this important information isn't in the 2nd edition, here's the answer: Hundred Years War)
- artistic technique where the artist paints on wet plaster by applying a rough, thick undercoat of plaster to a wall and transferring a full-size drawing of the work to the wall (2:204) (3:196)
- patron saint of Florence (2:194) (3:192)
- serves as Dante's guide through Paradise; in real life, she was the unrequited love of Dante's life whom he first saw when she was 9 and he was 8; inspired much of his work; symbol of love and beauty (2:200) (3:199)
- originally a derogatory term, adopted in 16th century Italy to describe the art of northern Europe, where, it was believed, classical traditions had been destroyed by Germanic invaders (2:173) (3:175)
- author of "The Canterbury Tales", a framed collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims traveling from London to the shrine of Thomas of Becket, who had been murdered in the cathedral by followers of King Henry II in a dispute over the rights and privileges of the Church; both characters and narrators are fully developed and the pilgrims portray a broad range of social types (2 & 3:202)
- Dominican monk whoinitiated the most important theological debates of the age, inaugurating a style of intellectual inquiry that we associate with higher learning to this day; addressed questions about how true believers come to know God--through heart or mind or both, and do we come to know truth intuitively or rationally; he became one of the prominent spokesmen for Scholasticism; wrote the "Summa Theologica" where he argued that there are five ways to know God's existence (2:173, 183) (3:175, 185)
- disease that began in December 1347 and ultimately wiped out between 1/3 and 1/2 of Europe's population; name given to the bubonic plague because of the color the lymph nodes turned; severe outbreaks of the plague erupted again in 1363, 1374, 1383, 1388, 1400 (2:174) (3:199)
- Roman poet who authored the "Aeneid"; character who guided Dante through Hell and Purgatory but is unable to enter Paradise because he is a pagan; in Dante's "Divine Comedy" he is considered the embodiment of rationality and incapable of allowing faith to triumph over reason, whcih is a prerequisite for entering Paradise (2:197) (3:198-99)
- author of "The Divine Comedy," which records the travels of the Christian soul from Hell to Purgatory and finally to Salvation; the protagonist of this trilogy is named after the author (2:197) (3:198)
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Down
- In a Gothic church, this structure was built against an exterior wall to provide support by spreading the weight of the vaultes over more supporting stone, allowing the walls to be thinner but till support as much weight as earlier thicker walls; this structure also helped brace against strong winds (2:178) (3:179-80)
- in this text, Christine de Pizan, an early feminist) attacks male misogyny (hatred of women) by recounting the accomplishments of women throughout the ages in an allegorical debate between herself and Lady Reason, Lady Rectitude, and Lady Justice (2:203) (3:204)
- In medieval universities, the part of the liberal arts including the language arts of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic (2:181, 204) (3:184)
- In Dante's "Inferno" traitors who have betrayed their leaders, including Judas Iscariot, Brutus, and Cassius, are ripped to shreds and eaten by this figure (2:197) (3:198)
- place of sorrow without torment believed to be the first level of Hell that is populated by virtuous pagans, great philosophers and authors, unbaptized children, and others unfit to enter heaven (2:197) (3:198)
- Proficiency in this language was mandatory for students in a medieval university where they read the works of ancient Greeks like Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Euclid in Latin translation (2:182) (3:184)
- known as the Father of Humanism; rediscovered the forgotten works of Cicero; had over 200 classical texts in his library; Italian sonnet form named after him (2:205) (3:201)
- leading painter in Florence who painted "Madonna Enthroned with angels and Prophets," which began a tradition of large-scale altarpieces; his painting shows strong Byzantine iconic influences but also a concern for spatial volume and human figures with naturalistic expressions; tutored Giotto, who then surpassed his teacher (2:196) (3:194-5)
- term used to refer to the revival of Greco-Roman culture that would come to define the Renaissance; the recovery, study and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome; application of classical principles to education, politics, social life, and the arts; promotes the value of the individual (2:205) (3:201)
- In medieval universities, the mathematical arts including music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, all fields dependent upon proportion and universal harmony (2:181, 204) (3:184)
- authoritative summary of all that was known on a traditional subject; the ultimate aim of every highly educated man (2:183) (3:186)
- distinguished University of Paris lecturer who said, "By doubting we come to inquire, and by inquiring we arrive at truth; taught using the dialectical method and fell in love with and impregnated his student, Heloise, whose uncle hired thugs to castrate him (2:182) (3:185)
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