Across
- a work of art designed to invite discussion of its meaning
(2:253) (3:255)
- Chinese alchemist who invented moveable type in 1045
(2:264) (3:267)
- loosely defined, these "get out of purgatory free" cards were issued by the Church and were the first use of the printing press in Europe; Martin Luther's protest against these launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany (2:262) (3:264)
- your author claims that this is at the heart of Martin Luther's call for reformation (2:262) (3:264)
- literary genre that conveys the contradictions between real and ideal situations (2:260) (3:262)
- Term used to describe the theatergoers to Elizabethan theatres who had paid the one-penny base price of admission, stood throughout the performance, and wandered in and out at will (2:267) (3:269)
- humanist scholar from Rotterdam who compared the people of Bruges to the citizens of Athens during its Golden Age; one of Martin Luther's teacher who wrote "In Praise of Folly" (2:260) (3:262)
- English translator who translated the Bible and the works of Martin Luther into English; he was arrested in Antwerp by the imperial authorities, who strangled him and then burned him at the stake
(answer: William Tyndale-see wikipedia for details)
- personal style of writing invented mid-16th century by Michel de Montaigne; in French, this word means to attempt or to try out
(answer: essay-I've kept this in your crossword puzzle, even though Sayre removed it, because it is a relevant piece of info for any college student because essay writing remains such an integral part of higher education)
- at first a devout Catholic, he later split with the Catholic Church when the pope refused to annul his eighteen year marriage to Katherine of Aragon, which he'd requested because she failed to give him a male heir; established the Church of England a.k.a. the Anglican Church (2:264) (3:266)
- was Henry VIII"s unofficial secretary, then a member of his advisory council, and finally appointed as Lord Chancellor, the presiding officer of the House of Lords; when he argued in 1535 that Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon's daughter was the rightful heir to the English throne, Henry VIII had him executed for treason; author of "Utopia" (2:266) (3:268-9)
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Down
- the use of words to say one thing explicitly but implicitly mean another (2:261) (3:263)
- proposed the concept of the Elect and the Damned in "Institutes of the Christian Religion," which essentially meant that by virtue of predestination, people have already been "elected" by God to salvation prior to coming into the world, and that anyone so elected self-evidently lives in a way that pleases God; later believers thought that living piously and virtuously in addition to business success made one's "election" to salvation apparent to others (2:263) (3:265)
- type of play that Hamlet is considered to be (2:267) (3:270)
- Shakespearean character representing a new idea of character who is no longer a unified, coherent being, but rather an individual who questions whether he can know anything fully and truly; prone to self-examination and self-absorption; alternately behaves like a raving madman and an intelletual of the most refined sensibility, at once deeply perceptive and blind to the most obvious truths (2:267) (3:270)
- artist whose paintings are minutely detailed yet brutally imaginative with a sense of doom; painted the triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delight" (2:254) (3:255-8)
- invented between 1435 and 1455; cast individual letterforms, which could be composed into pages of type and then printed; allowed for the rapid spread of knowledge throughout Europe (2:264) (3:267)
- German monk and humanist scholar bent on religious reform; although he is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation and was ex-communicated by the Church for posting his 95 theses on the cathedral door, he considered himself a devout Catholic; supported the doctrine of salvation by faith rather than by works, in opposition to official Catholic doctrine (2:262) (3:263-4)
- Thomas More's treatise on the perfect society whose narrator is an explorer who has discovered an island culture in which people share goods and property, where war is held in contempt, personal vanity despised, education available to all (except for slaves), and where people work six hours a day for the common good, assuming personal responsibility for social justice. (2:266) (3:268)
- theatre where Shakespeare's plays were produced; the stage in this theatre was overlooked on three sides by three stories of tiered seating with an open area in front of the stage where those who had only paid a penny to see the performance stood (2:267) (3:269)
- language into which William Tyndale translated the Bible and much of Martin Luther's writings (answer: see 18 across)
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