Across
- Chinese Dynasty that means "bright" or "brilliant"; overthrew Mongol rule and restored rule by Chinese; one of the most despotic governments in Chinese history; imposed restrictions on artistic freedom (2:294) (3:296-7)
- general-in-chief of the samurai and leader of military form of government in Japan (2:301) (3:305)
- Sanskrit word for meditation; Chan and Zen both originate from this word (2:291) (3:296)
- sword, mirror, and jewel are all symbols in this indigenous Japanese religion (2:298) (3:14-in chapter 1)
- During Song Dynasty in China, this class of cultured intellectuals restored Confucianism to dominance and added elements of Daoism and Buddhism to strengthen it (2:295) (3:296)
- animal that the Mayan Palenque kings are most closely associated with (2:279) (3:283)
- led the Spanish expedition that invaded/conquered the Aztec empire of Mexico in the first quarter of the 16th century (2:273) (3:279)
- Chinese dynasty ruled by the Mongols; under Chinggis (Genghis) Khan this dynasty controlled the highest posts in the government but still relied on Chinese officials to collect taxes and maintain order; under Kublai Khan (Chinggis Kan's grandson), the Song dynasty succumbed to the Mongols in 1279 (2:294) (3:296)
- Japanese poetic form (literally meaning "poetry of Wa," or Japan) that consists of 31 syllables in 5 lines on a theme drawn from nature and the changing of the seasons (2:299) (3:303)
- Mesoamerican culture that capitalized on the Andean beasts of burden--including llamas and alpacas--to forge trading networks that eventually united the southern highlands and the northern coastal lowlands under their rule; the traditional capital of this empire was Cuzco; Spanish conquistador, Pizarro, captured Atahuallpa, the emperor of this empire, who offered Pizarro a ransom of 13,420 pounds of gold and 26,000 pounds of silver, which Pizarro accepted and then executed Atahuallpa and Peruof the gold and silver religious artifacts and allowing Spanish priests to adapt the Temple of the Sun to construct a Dominican church and monastery on its foundations (2:279) (3:283-4)
- Because of its flavor and value as a preservative, this spice was "literally worth its weight in gold" at the time of Zheng He's first voyage to Calicut with the Treasure Fleet at the beginning of the fifteenth century (answer: PEPPER) fyi: Even though Sayre removed this information from the book, I have kept this clue in because I thought you would find the info interesting and relevant.
- became the new capital and seat of Kublai Khan's rule, which he transformed into a walled city constructed on a grid plan (2:294) (3:296)
- African region of grasslands that serve as a transition between the Sahara desert and the more temperate zones to the west and south (3:285)
- one of the most accomplished women of the Heian Period in Japan; her poems in "Diaries" are written in a new, purely Japanese writing system known as hiragana, which gradually replaced Chinese characters, authored a long book of prose (over 1000 pages) that many consider the world’s first novel; (2:299) (3:303)
- one of the oldest West African cultures; the Yoruba people trace their ancestry back to this culture (3:285)
- Chinese Imperial Palace complex laid out according to feng shui principles along a north-south axis, covering 240 acres, walled by 15 miles of fortifications, composed of 9,999 buildings and rooms, constructed with nine nails per row; its balance and symmetry mirror the harmony of the universe; believed to be situated in the middle of the world (2:295) (3:297)
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Down
- Chinese associated this mythical creature with sudden manifestations of nature, such as wind, rain, and lighning; in Song and Tang dynasties (fifth to tenth centuries) painting pictures of these was a method of praying for rain; for Chan Buddhists, this symboliazed sudden elightenment; became the favorite motif used by Ming artists because it symbolized the emperor (2:297) (3:302)
- Akin to Chinese Chan Buddhism, this branch of Buddhism emphasizes self-discipline and self-denial, relies on intuitive understanding unmendiated by intellectual reasoning, & contains principles and ethics at home with Daoist philosophy (2:301) (3:296)
- Mesoamerican culture that depended on an elaborate calendar system that included a 260-day calendar as well as a 365-day calendar, which was based on cycles, the last of which ends on Dec. 21, 2012; probably collapsed because of overpopulation, ecological degradation, and political competition (2:278) (3:282)
- In the mid 1800s, these flooded both European and New York art markets and produced an avalanche of images that fascinated, inspired, and strongly influenced Monet, Mary Cassat, and Vincent van Gogh (2:307) (3:311)
- Buddhism better known as Zen in the West; taught that one can find happiness by achieving harmony with nature (2:291) (3:296)
- Japanese theater intended to create a world of sublime beauty based on the Zen ideal of yugen, or that which lies beneath the surface of things; incorporates music, chanting, dance, poetry, prose, mime, and masks; means “accomplishment”; refers to the virtuoso performance of the main character; W. B. Yeats, Bertolt Brecht, and T. S. Eliot all wrote a play of this type (2:307) (3:308, 311)
- intermingling of cultural traditions; marks the Americas and Africa but was resisted by Asia and India when Europeans arrived (2:282) (3:294)
- European nation that introduced gunpowder and firearms to Japan in approximately 1543; over the course of four centuries, explorers/conquerors from this country transported 15-20 million slaves across the Atlantic on the Middle Passage (2:303) (3:288,308)
- largely uncultured samurai swordsmen who ruled the country independent of shoguns (3:301) (3:305)
- Because of a deep suspicion of Western religion and isolationist foreign policy, this country essentially sealed itself off from foreign influence from 1641-1853 (2:305) (3:309)
- Shintos believe that these spirits are embodied in natural materials, such as trees, rocks, water, mountains, clay, wood, stone, etc. (see Chapter 1: pp.12-13)
- number that sounds like the Chinese word for "everlasting"; believed to be the extreme of positive numbers, the maximum of the singular, reserved for emperor (2:295) (3:300)
- practice of positioning objects according to certain principles that govern positive and negative effects; used to position and construct structures such as the Forbidden City (2:295) (3:297)
- Yoko Ono belongs to this movement of artists, composers, and designers who popularized the Zen philosophical practice of posing riddles, known as koans, as a way to lead students to enlightenment (2:307) (3:311)
- Samurai feudal code of conduct based on fidelity to one's superior, contempt for death, and total selflessness (2:301) (3:305)
- Japanese form of poetry consisting of seventeen syllables in three lines; form that developed out of the first three lines of the waka poem (2:299) (3:303)
- Chinese ruler who commissioned an authoritative 11,095-volume encyclopedia of Chinese learning; undertook the construction of an Imperial Palace compound called the Forbidden City, which stands as an architectural symbol of his rule; conceived of a treasure fleet to extend Chinese influence throughout the four corners of the world (2:294) (3:297)
- prosperous Chinese dynasty that developed movable type, allowing them to print books on paper--approximately 400 years before Gutenberg introduced his movable type printing press in the West (2:291) (3:296)
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