Across
- Raphael's painting (also known as "Philosophy") that features Plato and Aristotle as the central focus; mirrors unified humanist philosophical tradition; illustrates classical characteristics of illusionistic architecutral setting based on Roman baths and naturalistic depictions of the human form (2:230) (3:234)
- philosophy that recast Platonic thought in contemporary terms and proposed that human perfection was attainalbe in this world through philosophical meditation (2:215) (3:217)
- means smokiness; hazy effects creating a half-waking dreamlinke quality; achieved by building up color with many layers of transparent oil paint (glazing) (2:222) (3:225)
- animal sleeping on white sheets in Titian's "Venus of Urbino"; in Renaissance art, it symbolizes lust and fidelity (2:238) (3:241)
- nickname of Lorenzo Medici, who said, "I find relaxation in learning and who invited Michelangelo to live in the Medici palace (2:216) (3:218)
- based on Plato’s insistence on seeking truth, goodness, and beauty; the ideal spiritual (never physical) relationship between 2 people; term coined by Marsilio Ficino (2:215) (3:217)
- Greek philosopher who believed that we can only understand the universe through the careful study and examination of the natural world (2:231) (3:235)
- (ca. 205-270 CE) Greek scholar of Platonic thought who also studied Hinduism & Buddhism; believed in the existence of an ineffable and transcendent One, from which emanated the rest of the universe as a series of lesser beings; thought human perfection & absolute happiness was attainable in this world through philosophical mediation (2:215) (3:217)
- Michelangelo's ambitious painting project that depicted nine scenes from Genesis surrounded by prophets, Sibyls, the ancestors of Christ, and other scenes from the Bible predating the law of Moses; since its completion, it has served as the meeting place of the conclave of cardinals during the election of new popes (2:226-7) (3:228-9)
- Greek cynic / philosopher who roamed the streets of Athens in search of an honest man and who rejected worldly possessions and lived in a barrel (2:231) (3:235)
- means "spring" or "first truth" in Italian; painted by Botticelli to celebrate love in both a Neoplatonic and physical way; based on Greek mythology; metaphorical (2:216) (3:219)
- artist who created the first life-sized freestanding male nude sculpted since antiquity (2:214) (3:216)
- Pythagoras's theory that each planet produced a musical sound, fixed mathematically by its velocity and distance from Earth, which harmonized with those produced by other planets and was audible but not recognized on Earth (2:224) (3:226)
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Down
- artistic device based on observation that distant elements appear hazy, less distinct and bluish in color; gives paintings a sense of naturalism (2:213) (3:216)
- Leonardo da Vinci's drawing in which he placed the human figure at the center of a perfect circle inscribed over a square to demonstrate the harmonious physical proportions of man to those of architecture, which reflect their divine creator (2:224) (3:226)
- also called "scientific" perspective, which allowed artists to translate three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface as a means of creating naturalistic respresentations of the physical world (2:212) (3:214)
- symbols of this tree are used throughout the Sistine Chapel as symbols of the pope's patronage (2:228) (3:231)
- city that commissioned Michelangelo to create a freestanding statue of the Biblical hero David; city where Girolamo Savonarola organized troops of children to collect what he considered the city's "vanities"--including cosmetics, books, and paintings--so he could then burn these items in bonfires (2:225) (3:227)
- artist who saw connections among all spheres of existence; studied practically everything including natural phenomena such as wind, storms, and water; military engineer, inventor, artist, musician, mathematician, geologist, astronomer, etc. (2:220) (3:222)
- sold as remissions of penalties to be suffered in the afterlife, especially release from pergatory sooner than would have occured otherwise; Julius II financed the building of the New Saint Peter's (2:224) (3:227)
- figure of speech in which a phrase can be understood in either of two different ways; this duality, the simultaneous expression of intellectual wit and erotic sensuality, is fundamental to the Venetian style (2:242) (3:245)
- Greek god of reason, poetry, music; symbol of enlightenment (2:230) (3:234)
- Roman architectural historian who believed the circle and square to be the ideal shapes that originated from the ideal human figure + mirrored the symmetry of the body and the proportional coherence of all its parts (2:223-4) (3:226)
- Venetian Republic's leader who was elected for life and who consolidated religious and political centers unlike most other Italian cities where church and state were physically separated (2:235) (3:238)
- artist commissioned by Florence to create a freestanding statue of the Biblical hero David using a huge cracked block of marble that all other sculptors had abandoned (2:225) (3:227)
- philosophical dialogue wherein Plato discusses the origin of the universe and argues that the circle is the image of cosmic perfection (2:230) (3:234)
- these sophisticated, intellectual women were among Venice's most educated citizens and functioned as high class prostitutes; many of their poems transform the cliches of courtly love poetry into frankly erotic metaphors (2:241) (3:244)
- In "The Prince" he argues that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved; proposes that the prince's chief priorety and principal duty is to wage war; options available to a prince to control a state he's conquered include devastating it, living in it, and allowing it to keep its own laws (2:234) (3:236)
- Roman goddess who is the traditional patron of those devoted to the pursuit of truth and artistic beauty as well as goddess of wisdom (2:231) (3:235)
- Greek philosopher who claimed that happiness could be attained through the pursuit of pleasures of the mind and body (2:230) (3:234)
- full-scale drawings used to transfer a design onto another surface (2 & 3:232)
- In the sixth or seventh century, invading Lombards from the north forced local poulations of the Po River delta to flee to the swampy lagoon islands that would later become this city; the lion was symbol of this republic; home of the cathedral housing St. Mark's relics (2:234) (3:237)
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