Biology 2404 Human A& P Basics Laboratory Objectives

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Laboratory Safety

After completing this unit, students should be able to

•  locate all safety equipment in the laboratory and explain their use
• describe the potential dangers of each lab instrument and explain their proper use
• discuss the safe disposal techniques for materials used

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Introduction to the Human Body

After completing these units, students should be able to

• define anatomy and physiology and discuss the subdivisions of each
• describe the organizational levels of the body and place them in proper order
• use directional terms to describe body surface anatomy, position, body planes and body cavities
• locate and give the functions of the organs making up each of the body systems
• describe and discuss homeostasis, negative feedback, and positive feedback

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Microscopy

After completing this unit, students should be able to

• describe how to care for and use the compound light microscope properly
• identify the parts and functions of the microscope
• understand basic concepts of magnification, depth of field, parfocal

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Cell

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify the parts of the cell and give their function
• discuss and identify the process of cell division and the cell cycle
• describe cell transport mechanisms

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Tissue

After completing these units, students should be able to

• name, describe, and give the functions of epithelial tissue components
• name, describe, and give the functions of connective tissue components
• name, describe, and give the functions of muscle tissue components
• name, describe, and give the functions of nervous tissue components

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Nervous System

After completing this unit, students should be able to

• describe the organization and functions of the central & peripheral nervous systems
• name and give the functions of neuroglial cells
• describe the basic anatomy of a neuron, including multipolar, unipolar, & bipolar
• identify the features of the spinal cord, its anatomy and organization
• list the events of a reflex arc
• identify the major regions of the brain and the functions of each
• identify and give the functions of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• name the protection components of the CNS
• identify and name the meninges

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Sensory System

After completing these units, students should be able to

• list and discuss the receptors for the general senses
• list and discuss the receptors for the special senses of taste and smell
• identify and describe the accessory structures of the eyeball
• identify the structures and give the functions of  the eyeball tunics
• explain the optics of the eye and the physiology of vision
• identify the structures and give the functions of the ear
• explain the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and balance

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Integumentary System

After completing this unit, students should be able to

• identify the two main layers of the skin
• identify the layers of the epidermis and give their functions
• identify the papillary and reticular portions of the dermis and give its functions
• identify & describe the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) and give its functions
• list and identify the sensory components of the skin and its appendages
• give the structures and functions of the skin appendages :
• sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails

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Skeletal System

After completing these units, students should be able to

• list the components and functions of the axial and appendicular skeleton
• discuss the gross anatomy of a long bone
• describe the histological organization of compact and spongy bone
• discuss bone growth and development
• list the five bone shapes and give an example of each type
• discussthe classifications  and movements of joints
• give the components of a synovial joint

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Muscular System

After completing these units, students should be able to

• discuss a lever system based on its components and class of lever arm
• describe the histology of muscle tissue for skeletal, cardiac, & smooth
• compare and contrast the three muscle types based on location, histo, and function
• describe the structures and functions of the neuromuscular junction               
• name and identify the superficial muscles of the human body

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Endocrine System

After completing this unit, students should be able to

• identify the structures and give the functions of the classic endocrine glands
• identify and give the functions of tissues or organs with secondary endocrine  functions
• compare the endocrine and nervous systems and how they control homeostasis

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Cardiovascular System

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify and describe the components and functions of blood
• explain and perform common clinical tests on simulated or animal blood
• identify the external and internal structures and functions the heart
• explain the cardiac physiology involved with ECG, blood pressure, & cardiac cycle
• compare the histology of an artery, capillary, and vein
• identify the major blood vessels involved in circulatory pathways
• discuss the fetal heart and the fetal circulatory pathways and their changes at birth
• discuss vascular physiology, including shock

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Lymphatic and Immune Systems

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify the organs of the lymphatic system and give their functions
• describe the lymphatic drainage into the vascular system
• discuss the components and functions of the immune system

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Respiratory System

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify the structures and functions of the upper respiratory organs
• identify the structures and functions of the lower respiratory organs
• discuss the phases and physiology of respiration
• discuss the role of blood in the body=s respiratory processes

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Digestive and Metabolism

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify the structures and functions of the digestive organs
• identify the structures and functions of the accessory digestive organs
• list the sources and functions of digestive secretions
• describe the physiology of absorption and digestion processes

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Urinary System

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify the structures and functions of the kidney
• name the basic components of a nephron and discuss what each does
• identify and give the functions of the organs involved with the urinary system
• discuss the normal composition of urine and its range of values
• describe the physiology of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes

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Reproductive Systems and Development

After completing these units, students should be able to

• identify the structures and functions of the male reproductive organs
• identify the structures and functions of the accessory organs for the male
• identify the structures and functions of the female reproductive organs
• identify the structures and functions of the mammary gland
• name the hormones involved with reproductive physiology in each sex and
• explain their functions
• describe the process of gametogenesis in the male and female gonads
• discuss the processes of embryonic and fetal development
• list the extraembryonic membranes and their functions
• list the occurrences in each trimester of gestational development
• list the three stages of labor and identify what occurs at each stage
• describe the stages of life after birth