Biology 2402 Anatomy and Physiology II Lecture Course Objectives
Students who have completed this section of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the endocrine system and explain the functional roles of their respective hormones in communication, control, and integration with regards to the following topics :
1. general functions of the endocrine system
2. definition & chemical classification of hormones
3. control of hormone secretion
4. mechanisms of hormone actions at effectors
5. roles of the hypothalamus & pituitary gland
6. identify, secretory control, & functional roles of the major hormones of the
pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, gonads, & pineal glands, including the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion
7. functions of hormones secreted by other endocrine tissues & cells, such as erythropoietin, thymosin, digestive hormones, placental hormones, atrial natriuretic peptide, vitamin D, eicosanoids, and growth factors
8. hormonal response to stress, growth, and behavior
Students who have completed these sections of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the cardiovascular system and explain their functional roles in transport and hemodynamics with regards to the following topics :
1. general function of the cardiovascular system
2. formation & composition of blood plasma
3. identify, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation & functional roles of the formed elements of the blood
4. hemostasis, including the coagulation of blood
5. ABO and Rh blood grouping
6. gross & microscopic anatomy of the heart, including the conduction system
7. physiology of cardiac muscle contraction
8. pattern of blood flow between heart chambers & between heart & major vessels leading directly to or from the heart
9. cardiac cycle, including basic rhythm of heartbeat, pressure & volume changes, heart sounds, and electrocardiogram
10. regulation of stroke volume and heart rate
11. anatomy & functional roles of the different types of blood vessels
12. pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations
13. blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics
The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Students who have completed this section of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the lymphatic system and explain their functional roles in fluid dynamics and immunity with regards to the following topics :
1. general function of the lymphatic system
2. gross & microscopic anatomy of the lymphatic system including the pattern of lymph circulation
3. lymph formation and flow mechanisms
4. structure and function of lymphoid organs and tissue
5. nonspecific defenses
6. antibody-mediated (humoral) immune response
7. cell-mediated immune response
8. roles of B cells & T cells in immune response
9. immune disorders
10. immune response to stress and aging
Students who have completed this section of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the respiratory system and explain their functional roles in breathing ventilation and in the process of external and internal respiration with regards to the following topics :
1. general functions of the respiratory system
2. gross & microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs
3. mechanism of pulmonary ventilation
4. pulmonary air volumes and capacities
5. mechanism of gas exchange in lungs and tissues
6. mechanism of gas transport in the blood
7. control of respiration
8. aging and the respiratory system
The Digestive System and Metabolism
Students who have completed these sections of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the digestive system and explain their functional roles in digestion, absorption, nutrition, metabolism, excretion, and elimination with regards to the following topics :
1. general functions of the digestive system
2. gross & microscopic anatomy of the GI tract & the accessory organs of digestion
3. mechanical & chemical processes of digestion and absorption
4. processes of excretion and elimination
5. hormonal & neural regulation of digestive processes
6. homeostatic integration with other systems
7. nutrition and metabolism
8. cellular respiration
9. catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
10. metabolic roles of specific tissues & organs including the liver, adipose tissue, & skeletal muscle
11. hormonal & neural regulation of metabolism
12. energy balance, metabolic rate, and thermoregulation
Students who have completed this section of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the urinary system and explain their functional roles with regards to the following topics :
1. general functions of the urinary system
2. gross & microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron
3. functional processes of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, secretion,
and excretion
4. factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin-angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone and ADH
5. endocrine activities of the kidneys, such as Vitamin D activation & secretion of erythropoietin
6. innervation and control of the urinary bladder
7. aging changes
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid/Base Balance
Students who have completed this section of the course should be able to identify and describe the physiology of the homeostatic mechanisms that control fluid/electrolyte and acid/base balance with regards to the following topics :
1. regulation of water intake and output
2. description of the major fluid compartments, including intracellular, extracellular, intra vascular, and interstitial
3. volume & chemical composition of major compartment fluids
4. movements between the major fluid compartments, causal forces, volumes, & electrolyte balance
5. chemical buffer systems and their roles in acid/base balance
6. role of the respiratory system in acid/base balance
7. role of the urinary system in acid/base balance
8. aging and disturbances of acid/base balance
The Reproductive Systems and Genetics
Students who have completed this section of the course should be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the reproductive system and explain their functional roles in reproduction and inheritance with regards to the following topics :
1. general functions of the reproductive systems
2. gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive tracts and external genitalia
3. reproductive cell division (meiosis, gametogenesis, folliculogenesis)
4. specific roles of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
5. specific roles of the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands and urethra
6. regulation of reproductive functions, including puberty, the female reproductive cycle, spermatogenesis and the climacteric
7. development of the embryo/fetus and the hormonal changes during pregnancy
8. parturition and labor
9. mammary gland anatomy and physiology
10. sex determination
11. introductory human genetics
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