Pathophysiology Review Sheet: Skeletal System

1. Be able to explain the structure and function of compact and spongy bone.

2. Be able to name the bone cells and explain their hormonal signaling.

3. Define bone fracture. Be able to name and describe three bone fracture types and explain what is meant by open and closed fractures.

4. Explain the etiology of osteopetrosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.

5. Name and explain two problems that arise in the red bone marrow.

6. Define ossification, name the two types, and explain how bone repairs from injury.

7. Name and explain two types of primary bone tumors.

8. Define scoliosis and give a possible treatment.

9. Give the structure and function of an intervertebral disc and name two problems.

10. Name and describe histologically the three types of cartilage and their locations.

11. Give the five structures seen in all synovial joints, synovial joint classifications based on anatomy and ROM, and where joint taps may be performed.

12. Name two problems seen with articular cartilage.

13. Explain the difference between subluxation and luxation.

14. Name four types of arthritis and give locations where each can occur.

15. For the following major joint areas: 

Give the bones involved, how stabilized, and two problems:

            a. Shoulder

            b. Elbow

            c. Hands

            d. Hip

            e. Foot

16. For the knee, know all the bones involved (and those that are not), how stabilized, all the ligaments, and explain the etiology of OCD, OSD, and ACL/PCL injuries.

17. Name two joints that have artificial replacement implants as a possible treatment.

18. Define the following terms: sprain, strain, arthrodesis, bone spur.

19. Name a congenital / genetic problem with bones.

20. Name a nutritional problem with bones.